HYDRAULICS, FLUID MECHANICS, AND HYDROLOGY AT COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY EDITED BY HUNTER ROUSE Engineering Research Center Colorado State University Fort Collins HYDRAULICS, FLUID MECHANICS, AND HYDROLOGY AT COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY EDITED BY HUNTER ROUSE Engineering Research Center Colorado State University Fort Collins TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITOR'S PREFACE .. HISTORICAL SKETCH PHYSICAL PLANT CURRENT RESEARCH Hydraulics Fluid Mechanics and Wind Engineering Hydrology . . Ground Water Water Resources Planning and Management SPECIAL COURSES OFFERED AT CSU PUBLICATIONS . ....... . ROSTER OF GRADUATE STUDENTS TO DATE iii vii 1 22 31 31 37 42 46 49 51 53 55 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Old Main ... James Lawrence Elwood Mead Spruce Hall Louis Carpenter Charles Lory . . Civil and Irrigation Engineering Building Edward House Ralph Parshall Victor Cone Carl Rohwer First Hydraulics Laboratory Building Laboratory plan and ele-vation Reservoir and evaporation tank Rating tank with recording instrumentation Bellvue laboratory channel , Ralph Parshall and two of his flumes Sand trap model Maxwell Parshall Emory Lane James Ball Savage, Lane, Durand, Berkey, and Warnock at a Bureau of Reclamation model View of laboratory extension Bureau of Reclamation staff of 1931 Oliver Pennock . . Nephi Christensen First special summer class Maurice Albertson Jack Cermak V 1 2 2 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 14 15 15 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Chamberlain, Lane, and Peterson 16 Daryl Simons 17 Everett Richardson 1 7 Vujica Yevjevich 17 Lionel Baldwin 17 Hsieh-Wen Shen 18 Ramond Chamberlain 18 Plan of main campus and Engineering Research Center 19 Victor Koelzer 21 Warren Hall 21 Looking over Hydro-machinery Laboratory toward Horsetooth Reservoir's Soldier Dam and the main Engineering Research Center buildings 22 Layout of Engineering Research Center 23 Engineering Research Center facing east 23 A portion of Engineering Research Center Shop 24 Plan of Hydraulics Laboratory 24 View of large tilting flume 25 Temporary flume with models 25 Plan of the Fluid Dynamics and Diffusion Laboratory 26 Fluid Dynamics and Diffusion Laboratory Inversion conditions over Denver model in meteorological wind tunnel . . . . . . Model of Yerba Buena Center, San Francisco , in environmental wind tunnel (1: 240 scale) . Model of World Trade Center, New York , in meteorological wind tunnel ( 1 : 500 scale) vi 27 27 28 29 EDI TOR,S PREFACE During the several decades since Dean Nephi Christensen asked me to give a course in fluid mechanics at Colorado State in the summer of 1940 , three parallel occur­ rences have taken place: I have watched with respect the exponential growth that the institution has exhibited. I have become convinced that the various influences which lead to the effectiveness of any prominent institution should be properly documented . And, with the continued passage of time, I have seen the evidence on which such docu­ mentation must be based steadily disappear . As a result , when Dean Simons invited me to spend my summers at Fort Collins as visiting professor following re­ tirement from the University of Iowa, I suggested that part of my new duties be the production of a booklet telling the story of how hydraulics, fluid mechanics, hydrology, and related fields achieved the position they now hold at CSU. The preparation of such booklets at my own institution, not to mention my great interest in the history of my profes­ sion, had already given me an appreciable amount of momen­ tum in this direction . Beyond a certain point in time, however, those actively engaged at CSU in research admin-· istration were logically far better versed in the recent and current aspects of the story, and I have hence acted as editor rather than author of the latter portion of the text - stimulating assembly of the material by others and then seeking to bring it to uniformity. The eventual usefulness of such a booklet as a historical record of accomplishment need hardly be empha­ sized. Other uses, however, are manifold. Prospective students, in particular postgraduate, will be able to see in detail the advantages that the institution has to offer. Engineering organizations will have the opportunity to judge from past accomplishments and present staff and facilities the suitability of the Engineering Research Center for developmental studies. And, to counteract the elimination of perspective by proximity, workers in the different divi­ sions will have a clearer view of what is going on around them. Many individuals in addition to the senior staff have assisted in making this material available . Special acknowl­ edgment is due Barbara Burke, Tamra McFall, John Newman, Carol Stafford, Jean Steinhoff, and Eve vii Vanderweit , all of CSU; Maxwell Parshall, retired from CSU; Danny King , of the Water and Power Resources Service , and Carl Nordin , of the U .S . Geological Survey. For historical material not within the recall of those still alive, reference has been made to Ansel Watrous , History of Larimer County , Colorado , Courier Printing & Publishing Company , Fort Collins , 1911; Victor M. Cone, Engineering News , Vol. 70 , No. 14, 1913 ; Ruth J. Wattles, The Mile High College , The History of the Colorado ~ ~ ~. 1946 (unpublished) ; Faye J . Anderson, History , Department of Civil Engineering , 1970 (unpublished); Hunter Rouse, Hydraulics in the United States 1776-1976 , Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research , Iowa City , 1976 ; and above all to James E . Hansen II , Democracy's College in the Centennial State, Colorado State University, Fort Collins , 1977 . Fort Collins , 1980 Hunter Rouse viii HISTORICAL SKETCH In 1862 the United States Congress passed the Morrill Act granting land to each state in the amount of 30,000 acres for every senator and representative. The receipts from the sale of this land were to form a perpetual fund , the interest from which was to support "at least one college wh ere the leading object shall be , without excluding oth er scientific and classical studies and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agricul­ ture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legisla ­ tures of the states may respectively prescribe' in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life ." This act was passed fourteen years before Colorado was admitted to statehood in 1876, and an even longer period was to elapse before the act was properly imple­ mented. Hence, to what extent the Territorial Legislature was influenced by the act can only be surmised. In any event, in 1870 the governor signed a Territorial Bill estab ­ lishing at Fort Collins the Agricultural College of Colorado, to be governed by a Board of Agriculture of eight men , at least four of whom had to be practicing farmers. During the following three years , 240 acres of land were donated locally , and a year thereafter the first building - a mere 24xl6 feet in plan - was constructed . Not till 1878 were funds for the College actu ally appropriated, whereupon the cornerstone of a permanent building was laid; this later came to be known as Old Main . The following fall ~he Old Main , no longer in existence 2 Hydraulics , Fluid Mechanics, and Hydrology at CSU General Assembly finally accepted land-grant income, and the initial classes were held . The enrollment rapidly grew from five to nineteen students, with a faculty of three: the president and two instructors . In 1881 the first dormi­ tory was erected just north of the main building, and the first catalog was issued . The earliest classes were necessarily preparatory, for the primary and secondary training of the students proved to be meager at best . Subsequent classes, moreover, were largely practical farming - though at least one member of James Lawrence Elwood Mead the government was even against teaching agriculture in a state so ill-suited to it! In such circumstances it was to be expected that the prescribed mechanic arts would receive little attention indeed . Even the cataloged course in mech­ anics and drawing was intended, in the words of its first instructor , merely to provide the "much needed ability of caring for the machinery and buildings on a farm." It is therefore surprising that in 1882 a former MIT student from New England , James W. Lawrence (1858-1933), was employed to head that department. Not only did Lawrence gradually develop a course in mechanical engineering, but he eventu­ ally served as acting president and finally as dean of the faculty. It is equally noteworthy that the staff member who was to play the initial role in hydraulics was originally employed by the College - in 1882 - as an instructor in mathematics . This was Elwood Mead (1858-1936), a Hoosier by birth , who had studied civil engineering at Purdue and Iowa State. In 1883 Mead received approval of his proposal Historical Sketch 3 to teach a two-term senior course on irrigation, one term to be "devoted to the pressure and flow of water , and methods of determining the same ; 11 and the other "to the survey and construction of canals and reservoirs. 11 That year Mead also became assistant state engineer doing practical field work in irrigation. After a two-year interval , during which he obtained an M. S. degree from Purdue, Mead was appointed to a full professorship in irrigation engineering. His perceptive remarks in this regard are significant: "In establishing the chair of Irrigation Engineering , the College has taken the initiative in what must soon be an important branch of industrial training in all technical schools of the arid region .. . . In this State the rapidity with which our agricultural possibilities are being developed, and the peculiar difficul­ ties in the way of the promotion of better laws and prac­ tices, make the need of educated farmers greater than that of highly trained engineers, though both are essential." Unfortunately for the College, Mead was impossible to hold very long, and in 1888 he left for Wyoming , where he wrote the first irrigation code. He was subsequently employed by the U.S . Department of Agriculture, the Australian Water Supply Commission, ·the University of California , and finally the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, with which he served a dozen years as commissioner. The lake above Hoover Dam now bears his name - not to mention the chair of water resources at CSU . Barely a year before Mead's departure , Congressional passage of the Hatch Act provided financial incentive for establishing the Agricultural Research Station and institut­ ing a graduate program at the College . Study toward the master's degree was initially restricted to research at the Station. However, the first M. S. in engineering was awarded in 1893, and the catalog of that year indicated that the advanced degrees of Civil Engineer and Mechanical Engineer could also be earned. Mead's replacement at Fort Collins was Louis G . Carpenter (1861-1935) , a Michigander by both birth and education, who had substituted for Mead during the latter's absence from the campus, and established a weather station as well as observations of evaporation . His influence on irrigation instruction and practice was just as effective as Mead's but of far longer duration. He h eaded the new Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering (which was housed from 1893 on in the original dormitory building 4 Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics, and Hydrology at CSU north of Old Main, now Spruce Hall), founded the American Society of Irrigation Engineers, twice declined the presi­ dency of the College, assumed the directorship ·of the College Agricultural Station, designed the Greeley-Poudre irrigation system, became an authority on the legal aspects of irrigation , and finally resigned in 1911 ( unfortunately under pressure) to form a consulting firm with a brother, "Delph" Carpenter of Greeley. Spruce hall - see site plan on page 19 for location In view of earlier opposition to the teaching of the mechanic arts (if not of agriculture itself), it is refreshing to note that the president of the College in 1906 declared that the institution rested on "four cornerstones," agricul­ ture , civil engineering, mechanical engineering, and domestic sci.ence, each of which shared "equable support." At the same time , however , there was continued dissention between those who favored the trade-school level and those who believed in a truly high-level institution; this was reflected to some degree in Carpenter's resignation . It is hence noteworthy that in 1907 a degree program in electri­ cal engineering was permanently established; in fact, Charles A . Lory ( 1872-1969), who had come up from Boulder to head the department of physics and applied electricity, became president of the College only two years later - a physical scientist rather than an agriculturist! Just a Civil and year before Carpenter's resignation, a new Irrigation Engineering Building had been Historical Sketch 5 Louis Carpenter Charles Lory completed (later used for Economics , it currently furnishes office space for the university Computer Center , Information Systems, and Math, Statistics, and Business Departments) . Begun in 1904 , its construction was continued as money be­ crune available , the walls going up in 1906 and the roof the year following . Not till 1909 was the appropriation paid in full. Equipment formerly housed in the original engineering building - including basement tanks and scales used in teaching hydraulics - was soon moved to its new quarters by two members of the staff . Civil and Irrigation Engineering Building 6 Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics, and Hydrology at CSU Carpenter's replacement as head of Civil and Irrigation Engineering, the somewhat flamboyant Edward B. House (1872-1944), was born in Greeley and educated at Michigan in electrical engineering . He had joined the staff at Fort Collins soon after graduation, and like Mead he had initially taught mathematics. Eventually developing an interest in irrigation, he obtained his M. S. degree in that field in 1905, and was ultimately to become the first Dean of Engi­ neering in 1933 . A graduate of the Class of 1904, Ralph L. Parshall (1881-1959) of Golden had had a hand in laying out the foundation of the new C&IE Building while still a student. On receiving his degree, he first taught physics and then became an instructor in the C&IE department (and was one of the equipment movers already mentioned). Edward House Ralph Parshall In 1910 the U.S. Department of Agriculture stationed Victor M. Cone (1883-1970) at Fort Collins to take charge of U . S. Irrigation Investigations, Bureau of Public Roads. This agency (forerunner of the Agricultural Research Service) in cooperation with the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station was instrumental in building the new hydraulics laboratory of the C&IE department, and in 1912 Cone and Parshall were involved in its design. The next year Parshall was promoted to assistant professor, but then he resigned from the College to accept a position with the USDA - remaining in residence , however, in the C&IE build­ ing. He was replaced on the college staff by Oliver P. Pennock ( 1879-1968), a rather reserved 1902 graduate who 40 years later was to head the department (see page 13). Historical Sketch 7 In 1914 Carl H. Rohwer (1890-1958) of Nebraska and Cornell was transferred to Fort Collins by the USDA, whereafter Cone , Parshall , and Rohwer proceeded to make the region - and vicariously the College - well recognized for irrigation research. Victor Cone Carl Rohwer The laboratory of that period included an upper reservoir about 85 feet in diameter and 7 feet deep on a low hill. Three gates controlled the flow to a channel provided with weirs and other devices, a portion of the flow being diverted to an auxiliary tank (A) for constancy during First Hydraulics Laboratory Building 8 Hydraulics , Fluid Mechanics , and Hydrology at CSU adjustment of head. Pumps returned the flow to the upper reservoir. Two additional concrete tanks (X and Y) 9x24x27 feet, below floor level within the building, and a third (Z) , 9x27x55 feet , just outside, were carefully cali­ brated for volumetric measurement against time. The year 1916 saw the construction of a 4x5x150-foot current-meter rating tank with semi-automatic recording instrumentation designed by Parshall ; it was later extended to 250 feet in length . The upper reservoir was lined with copper in 1925 for Parshall 's study of evaporation, which he had begun at an earlier date in one of the concrete tanks . Laboratory plan and elevation Reservoir and evaporation tank Historical Sketch 9 Rating tank with recording instrumentation In 1920 a search was made by Parshall and Rohwer for an outdoor laboratory site, not too far from the city and with an ample supply of water. The waste gate on Jackson Ditch, leading from a branch of the Cache La Poudre River near Bellvue , northwest of Fort Collins, was found to meet their requirements , and a concrete channel 7x14x75 feet, tapering over another 50 feet to an outlet width of 25 feet, was connected to the gate. The latter permitted some adjustment to the flow, and a 15-foot weir was used for discharge measurement. It was in this channel that Parshall developed his adaptation of the Venturi flume for discharge measurement; patented about 1925, it became widely known under his name and used around the world. Bellvue laboratory channel 10 Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics , and Hydrology at CSU Parshall and two of his flumes Sand trap model Maxwell Parshall He also devised a vortex method for eliminating sand from irrigation canals . Though Rohwer eventually took over Parshall's evaporation project, his interests lay rather in the direction of wells, seepage losses, and canal linings. Parshall's son Maxwell (1907- ... ) , who had watched con­ struction of the original laboratory at the age of 6, worked as a youth with his father and engineering colleagues on many local irrigation projects. In 1929 he returned from MIT with a degree in chemistry, and by 1937 had settled down to running the local weather station and assisting in the hydraulics laboratory . Historical Sketch 11 In August 1930 the Bureau of Reclamation sent a dozen engineers, technicians, and shop people from Denver to Fort Collins to work in the laboratory which had been designed by Cone and Parshall ·for the USDA. The Bureau program began with a study of proposed shaft spillways for Hoover Dam ; as a result of these tests, a change was made from the shaft to the side-channel type of structure. Thereafter many other studies were undertaken, in partic­ ular for the Bureau's Grand Coulee and Imperial Dams and for the Tennessee Valley Authority's Wheeler and Norris Dams . Emory W. Lane (1891-1963), a Hoosier who had studied at Purdue and Cornell and then seen considerable experience both in the States and in China, was admini­ strative head of the Fort Collins operation. This involved two shifts during the Hoover spillway tests, under Charles W. Thomas (1906-1978) and James W. Ball (1905- .. . ) , both Coloradoans educated at Fort Collins . Lane later went back to Denver , turning the Fort Collins work over to Jacob E. Warnock (1903-1949) , a Hoosier with degrees from Purdue and Colorado. Upon Warnock's move to Denver, Ball was left in charge. By 1936 the laboratory had undergone a fourfold expansion , but for political and financial reasons the Bureau brought its work there to a close only two years later and withdrew to its Denver quarters in the New Customhouse . Emory Lane James Ball The name of the Colorado Agricultural College was changed in 1935 to Colorado State College of Agriculture 12 Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics, and Hydrology at CSU J. L. Savage. E. W. Lane, W. E. Durand, C. P. Be1·key. and J. E. Warnock at the Bureau of Reclamation model and Mechanic Al'ts (only to change again to Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College in 1944). Three years thereafter (1938) Pennock was replaced as department head and dean by Nephi A. Christensen (1903- ... ), a native of Vie,r of laborator:\' extension Historical Sketch 13 Bu reau of Reclamation staff of 1931 included (back row) R. R . Randolph, E. W. Lane, V. C. Hammond, J. N. Bradley, C. W. Thomas, G. C. Wright, (front row) V. T. Bliss, R. A. Goodpasture, W. H. Price, J . W. Ball , R. J. Willson, W. 0. Parker , W. M. Borland Oliver Pennock Nephi Christensen Utah who had just obtained a Caltech doctorate under Th eodor von Karman and Robert T. Knapp. Ch r istensen's first accomplishment was to gain accreditation (previously refu sed) of his three engineering departments by the Engineers Council for Professional Development. One of his former colleagues at Caltech was the Toledoan Hunter Rouse 14 Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics, and Hydrology a t CSU (1906- .. . ) , who had just become a professor at the State University of Iowa when he was invited by Christen sen to give a 1940 summer class at Fort Collins in the mechanics of fluids. This attracted some two dozen graduate students (among them J. C. Steven s, later president of the ASCE, and C. P. Vetter , sediment specialist of the Bureau of Reclamation), thus becoming the first of a continuing series of summer courses and conferences. First special summer class 1) A. F. Saxton , 2) J. C . Carrigan , 3) W. S. Rassmu ssen, 4) C. J. McCash , 5) L. Larson , 6) Maxwell Parshall , 7) B . C. Goodell, 8) A . W. Zingg, 9) W. S. Hamil ton, 10) G . E. Colborn, 11) Robert Lewis, 12) A. R. Davis , 13) Adrian Legault, 14) H. W. Richardson, 15) J. J. Idema, 16) D. F. Gunder, 17) W. J. Moore , 18) A. N . Vanderlip, 19) A. E. Everts, 20) P. H. Bliss , 21) C. P. Vetter, 22) N . A . Christen sen , 23) Hunter Rou se, 24) J. C . Stevens, and 25) J. C. Harrold As the United States became involved in World War II , some college laboratories undertook war-related r esearch , while other staff members moved to federal laboratories for s imilar work. Christensen played an important part in the development of rocketry at the Army's Aberdeen Proving Groun ds, taking with him a number of the College staff - in particular Dwight Gunder (1905-1964), a professor of engi­ neering mathematics. At the same time , one who was to take a leading role in later developments at CSU , Maurice L . Albertson (1918- .. . ) , a Kansan with degrees from Iowa State College an d the State University of Iowa, was called back from the TV A fo the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Historical Sketch 15 Research for war work under Rouse. This involved air-tunnel tests on fog dispersal, turbulence , and jet dif­ fusion, in the course of which h e completed a doctoral dis­ sertation on boundary-layer evaporation. Since he had long hoped to take part in th e irrigation research at Colorado State, between Rouse and Christensen a position for him there was arranged in 1947 . With Christensen's b acking, one of Albertson's first accomplishmen ts at Fort Collins was to persuade the International Engineering Company to have the College conduct, in the laboratory previously abandoned by the Bureau of Reclamation, tests on dams and related structures which it had contracted to build in India. Maxwell Parshall took an active part in these and subse­ quent tests, but Christensen left for a position at Cornell at the end of the year. Maurice Albertson Jack Cermak This overseas project was the first of many undertakings that resulted from Albertson's seemingly unlimited en ergy and initiative over the following three decades . The second was in effect a continuation of his wartime work at Iowa. Jack E . Cermak (1922- .. . ) , a native Coloradoan, h ad entered the College in 1940, but as a r esult of military service h e completed his undergraduate studies just in time to become Albertson's first graduate student. Together they obtained a grant from the Office of Naval Research for th e construction of the College 's initial wind tunnel, located in the west half of what is now the Biochemistry and Radiation Building (see page 19) . It was completed in 1949, and additional backing was obtained from I 16 Hydraulics , Fluid Mechanics, and Hydrology at CSU the ONR for the further study of evaporation . That same year Dean F. Peterson (1913- . . . ) of Utah was appointed head of civil engineering; with his strong promotional aid , and the equally strong support of the ONR and the NSF, the organization began to display a remarkable rate of growth. Part of the reason was their practice of employing two or three men on one man ' s academic salary and utilizing income from contracts and grants to make up the difference . James R. Barton , one of Rouse's graduate students at Iowa, joined the staff in 1992 , the year that also brought A. Ray Chamberlain (1929- . . . ) a Michigander who became Albertson's (and the College's) first doctoral candidate and later chief of research. On his retirement from the Bureau of Reclamation in 1953, Emory Lane received a temporary appointment at Fort Collins , which he held until illness forced cessation of his activities in 1957 ; by then he was well along th€ road toward formulation of a general philoso­ phy of sediment transport . Ray Chamberlain , Emory Lane, and Dean Peterson In 1955 the Army Air Force granted funds for a meteorological wind tunnel, and this became operational alongside the first tunnel in 1963. Erich J : Plate (1929- . .. ) of Germany , previously a graduate student, was recalled to the staff in 1959; at first involved in wind­ tunnel design under Cermak , he later participated in atmo­ spheric modeling and diffusion studies. The U.S. Geological Survey stationed Daryl B. Simons (1918- ... ) of Utah at Fort Collins in 1957 to collaborate in the growing Historical Sketch 17 Daryl Simons Everett Richardson research program on river mechanics and sediment trans­ port, to which the Nebraskan , Colorado State graduate Everett V. Richardson (1924- ... ) , had been transferred from Iowa by the Survey in 1956. Simons not only super­ vised the USGS program but completed work toward the second engineering doctorate at CSU and then taught courses in civil engineering. Vujica Yevjevich Lionel Baldwin 18 Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics, and Hydrology at CSU The year 1957 al.so saw the change in the institution's name to Colorado State University , not to mention the arrival of the hydrologist Vujica Yevjevich ( 1913- .... ) , a native of Yugoslavia who had previously headed a research institute in his own country . The Texan Lionel Baldwin (1932- . . .. ) came to the campus in 1961, after experience with NACA-NASA; a chemical engineer, his specialty was fluid turbulence. William W. Sayre (1927- .... ) of New York and Princeton, initially a graduate student, became a mem­ ber of the USGS staff in 1962, moving to Iowa in 1968 after receiving the doctorate; his particular interest was the mechanics of diffusion . Hsieh-Wen Shen (1931- .... ), a native of China who, after study at Michigan, had taken the doctorate in sediment transport under Einstein at Berkeley (and was to become an ASCE Freeman Scholar the following year), arrived at Fort Collins in 1964 . Hsieh-Wen Shen Ray Chamberlain With such a staff - not to mention the considerable support of various agencies recirculating and tilting flumes , wave basins, and additional wind tunnels came into being, and graduate enrollment steadily rose. The pressure of growth inevitably prompted the construction in 1962 of a greatly enlarged facility in the foothills of the Rockies five miles west of the original Fort Collins campus, at about the same time that construction of the Engineering and Student Centers did away with the existing laboratories. By 1965 the new Engineering Research Center contained some 50, 000 square feet of laboratory floor space, plus forty acres of His torical Sketch ENGINEERING RESE ARCH CENTER FAC ILITIES AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CE NTE~R-==-~---+-----~V~IN~E'-+-~D~R~I V~E=------~-...:...:,..__ L APORTE AVE. EN GI NEERING RESEARCH AT MOSPHER IC CENT ER ~ \ SCiENCE LAB -+--------+--,-W-. _M_O_U_N_T_A_I N-1-A_V_E_. -+----+--,-i RAINFALL FACI LI TY l,d TI AN D OUTDOOR FLUME --{\ _ 0 SOLAR HY DROMAC HINERY~ "-.:: L AB L ABORAT ORY ~ OOLLEGE L AKE CSU HUGHES STADIU M 0 MAIN CAMPUS ENG I NEERING FACILI T IES 0 z ­ u_ - DRIVE AVE 1 I ~ : I I OLD MAI N SITE ( F IRST PERMANENT BUILD ING) 2 SPRUCE HA LL ( ORIGI NAL DORM !TORY BUI L DING) w ~ .., C> >­ "' "' 0 ..J .., r "' ~ N j 3 CIVIL AN D IRR IG ATION ENGINEER ING BUILDING ( NOW "OLD ECONOM ICS " ) 4 SI TE OF ORIGINAL HYDRAULIC S L ABOR ATORY 5 SITE OF INIT IA L WIND TUNNEL ( NOW WES T HALF OF BIOCME MISTRY AN D RADIATI ON BUILDING ) Plan of main campu s and Enginee rin g Research Cent e r . showing location of enginee ring 's eal'ly buildin g s 19 20 Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics , and Hydrology at CSU surrounding land for outdoor experiments, and much more equipment. Some of the new wind tunnels were provided with means of controlling the distribution of velocity and temperature, and one of the new flumes conceived by Albertson, Richardson , and Simons and constructed with USGS and NSF funds was claimed to be the largest tilting and recirculating facility in the country. Aside from the laboratory's very effective programs on wind dynamics , open-channel flow , hydrology , and fluid mechanics in gen­ eral, the hydraulics and fluid mechanics staff actively pro­ moted summer institutes on various aspects of fluid motion with the support of the NSF . Not only was Albertson him­ self behind the original developments , but he continued to take some part in subsequent activities and shared in the authorship of at least one prize-winning paper. However, he had many other irons in the fire , particularly of an in­ ternational nature - such as the original formation of the Peace Corps , and the establishment of the Asian Institute of Technology at Bangkok . In 1963 Daryl Simons left the USGS to become the head of Civil Engineering Research and in 1965 Simons accepted the position of Associate Dean for Research and as such became Director of the Engineering Re s earch Center and Associate Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station . Lionel Baldwin was appointed Dean of Engineering in 1965 ; and in 1969 Ray Chamberlain - for several years Vice President - assumed the post of President as the University was preparing to celebrate its centennial year . Under Jack Cermak's direction , another environmental wind tunnel was added to the Fluid Dynamics and Diffusion Laboratory that year, and two more the year following. Continuous devel­ opment of these wind-tunnel facilities and the science of atmospheric modeling through project THEMIS resulted in the laboratory becoming recognized as a world center for wind-engineering research. Erich Plate, who had been closely associated with the wind-tunnel investigations, left in 1970 to accept one of the chairs in hydraulic engineering at the University of Karlsruhe. In the same period a large outdoor rainfall-runoff facility with an area of 25,000 square feet was constructed under Vujica Yevjevich' s direction ; fed by 400 irrigation sprinklers of variable capacity, rainfall and runoff measure­ ments versus space and time are now reduced to their sig­ nificant form by computer . Under Albertson , interest in water resources had gradually developed , and two special­ ists were finally added to the staff to strengthen that Historical Sketch 21 Victor Koelzer Warren Hall particular field: Victor A . Koelzer (1914- . .. ) of Kansas and Iowa, and Warren A. Hall (1919- .. . ) of South Dakota and California, both of whom were broadly experienced in the field, including service with the government; Hall, it should be noted , became in 1973 the first to hold the newly en­ dowed Elwood Mead Professorship . In 1963 Professor J. W. N. Fead (1923- . . . ) , a member of the Civil Engineering De­ partment originally from Canada, succeeded Milton E. Bender (1916- ... ) as chairman when the latter assumed the presidency of the Asian Institute of Technology. The fall of 1979 saw the departure of Yevjevich for George Washington University, though he retained a quarter-time appointment at CSU . As of September 1979 the staff of the combined hydraulics , fluid mechanics, and hydrology sections of the Civil Engineering Department has grown to a total member­ ship of 125. Of these, 33 are of faculty rank , i.e. , assis­ tant professor or above, and 92 are graduate assistants. The hydraulics section is largest, with 69 members , and fluid mechanics next with 36. About 55% of all graduate students in the Department are employed part-time, with an annual turnover of some 40-50%. PHYSICAL PLANT As seen from the accompanying figures , the Engineering Research Center occupies some 40 acres of the University Foothills Campus, the major part of which is devoted to experimental facilities for hydraulics , fluid mechanics , and hydrology. The primary structure consists of a multi-wing building: wings A and B include a basement and two stor­ ies, and provisions have been made for duplicating on A the third story already on B ; wing W is a single story . The three wings together provide 69,000 square feet of Looking over Hydro-machinery Laboratory toward Horsetooth Reservoir's Soldier Dam and the main Engineering Research Center buildings space for offices , conference rooms, small laboratories and electronics shops, printing, drafting, and photographic quarters , two lecture rooms, and a cafeteria. Directly south of the main ·wings an d connected to them are two large laboratories each roughly 120x280 feet in plan , with a minimum ceiling height of 22 feet , the one for hydraulics lying to the west and that for fluid mechanics to the east. A smaller hall between them is used for structural research . At the south end of the hydraulics section is a well- I equipped machine and instrument shop some 40x120 feet in plan, serving the entire Research Center. Permanent features of the Hydraulics Laboratory are a series of interconnected sumps 8 feet in depth and 5,400 square feet in surface area; 14 pumps ranging in capacity from 250 gallons per minute at 50-foot h ead to 23,000 gallons per minute at 19-foot head ; a power-tilting 22 OffllS B A Physical Plant FLUID DYNAMICS ANO DIFF USION LABORATORY ST RUCTURES LABORATORY HYDRAULICS LABORATORY OFFICES W ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER MAIN LEVEL Layout of Engineering Research Center Engineering Research Center facing eas t 23 flume 4x8x200 feet with a discharge capacity of 100 cubic feet per second; a 20x100 foot river- basin flume for mean­ der, erosion , and control- s tructure studies; a large local­ scour flum e; three oth er tilting flumes ; and ample space for temporar y models . 24 Hydraulics , Fluid Mechanics , and Hydrology at CSU A portion of Engineering Research Center Shop 85 .3m SMALL CALIBRATION~ • STQO LL.,4-::Jl LARGE CALIBRATION ~ -- ~ .. p , ., , STANO • : :: ePUMP PUMP TEMPORAR Y MODEL : :: : ; i AREA eP'.~MP: : ; 1... ...... ----·--------------~-;;eew_wp ------·--···--------------------: ePUMP . .. . 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